Zodiac Killer

For the New York City Zodiac copycat, see Heriberto Seda.

Zodiac Killer
Composite sketch made in 1969 based on eyewitness accounts of the Presidio Heights murder
Criminal status	Unidentified
Motive	Uncertain
Wanted since	1968
Details
Victims	5 confirmed dead, 2 injured, possibly 20–28 total dead (claimed to have killed 37)
Span of crimes	1968–1969
Country	United States
State(s)	California, possibly also Nevada
Location(s)	San Francisco Bay Area Napa Valley
Date apprehended	Unapprehended

The Zodiac Killer is the pseudonym of an unidentified serial killer who operated in Northern California in the late 1960s. The Zodiac murdered five known victims in the San Francisco Bay Area between December 1968 and October 1969, operating in rural, urban, and suburban settings. He targeted three young couples and a lone male cab driver. The case has been described as "arguably the most famous unsolved murder case in American history," and has become both a fixture of popular culture and a focus for efforts by amateur detectives.

The Zodiac's known attacks took place in Benicia, Vallejo, unincorporated Napa County, and the city of San Francisco proper. Of his seven wounded victims, two survived. He coined his name in a series of taunting messages that he mailed to regional newspapers, in which he threatened killing sprees and bombings if they were not printed. He also said that he was collecting his victims as slaves for the afterlife. Some letters included cryptograms, or ciphers; of the four codes he produced, two remain unsolved, while the others were cracked in 1969 and 2020.

The last confirmed Zodiac letter was in 1974, in which he claimed to have killed 37 victims. He had said earlier that many of them were in Southern California, including Cheri Jo Bates, who was murdered in Riverside in 1966; a connection between the two has not been proven. While many theories regarding the identity of the Zodiac have been suggested, the only suspect authorities ever publicly named was Arthur Leigh Allen, a former elementary school teacher and convicted sex offender who died in 1992.

The unusual nature of the case led to international interest that has been sustained throughout the years. The San Francisco Police Department marked the case "inactive" in 2004, but re-opened it prior to 2007. The case also remains open in the California Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, the city of Vallejo, as well as in Napa and Solano counties.

Murders and correspondence

45km
30miles

4

3

2

1

  

Map of the Zodiac Killer attacks

1

Murder of David Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen

2

Attack on Michael Mageau and Darlene Ferrin

3

Attack on Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard

4

Murder of Paul Lee Stine

The Zodiac Killer claimed in messages to newspapers to have committed 37 serial murders. Investigators agree on seven confirmed assault victims, all in California, five of whom died and two of whom survived:

1. David Arthur Faraday (17) and Betty Lou Jensen (16) were shot and killed on December 20, 1968, on Lake Herman Road in Benicia.
2. Michael Renault Mageau (19) and Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin (22) were shot around midnight between July 4 and 5, 1969, in the parking lot of Blue Rock Springs Park in Vallejo. Mageau survived the attack; Ferrin was pronounced dead at Kaiser Foundation Hospital.
3. Bryan Calvin Hartnell (20) and Cecelia Ann Shepard (22) were stabbed on September 27, 1969, at Lake Berryessa in Napa County. Hartnell survived, but Shepard died as a result of her injuries on September 29.
4. Paul Lee Stine (29) was shot and killed on October 11, 1969, in the Presidio Heights neighborhood of San Francisco.

Lake Herman Road murders

David Arthur Faraday and Betty Lou Jensen

The first murders widely attributed to the Zodiac were the shootings of high school students Betty Lou Jensen and David Arthur Faraday on December 20, 1968. Jensen was a 16-year old student at Hogan High School, and on the night of the 20th she had a date with Faraday, a 17-year old student from the neighboring Vallejo High School. Faraday drove his mother's car to Jensen's house at 8 p.m., and they left in the car at 8:30, driving to the house of one of Jensen's friends. Sometime after 9, they drove to the outskirts of Vallejo, and parked at a lover's lane on Lake Herman Road, just inside Benicia city limits. A passing motorist noticed the couple between 10:15 to 10:30, parked on the side of Lake Herman Road, on a gravel runoff near the gate to a water pumping station. They were spotted again at 11.

The couple were attacked sometime between 11:05 and 11:10. Police determined that an unknown assailant, the Zodiac, pulled his car up next to Faraday's, about 10 feet away from the passenger's side of the vehicle. He left his vehicle and approached the couple's car, firing several shots inside. The bullets hit various car parts, but not the couple; he may have been trying to force them to leave the vehicle. They both attempted to leave through the passenger door. Jensen was able to get out. As Faraday was leaving, the Zodiac shot him in the head with a .22-caliber rifle. The Zodiac began to chase Jensen, who was running away. He fired six shots at her, hitting her in the back five times. He then left in his vehicle. The police theorized the whole attack took two to three minutes.

A passing motorist spotted the couple's bodies at 11:10. She drove down the road and flagged a police patrol car to report the scene. The officers in the car immediately went to the scene. Jensen was pronounced dead, and Faraday was still breathing. He was taken to the hospital, but died from his wounds. Police could find no usable tire or foot prints of the assailant, and there were no witnesses. They were unable to find a motive other than the killer being a "madman." An intensive investigation took place over the following months, but a viable suspect was never developed. The murders were extensively covered by the media. For seven months afterwards, the Zodiac is not confirmed to be active. Authors Michael Kelleher and David Van Nuys suggest this was a "cooling off period" to reflect on his actions, experienced by most serial killers.

Blue Rock Springs murder

Background

Darlene Ferrin

Darlene Ferrin and Michael Mageau were shot around midnight between July 4 and 5, 1969. Ferrin was fatally wounded, and Mageau survived. Ferrin was 22, and was popular with many in the community due to her job at a local restaurant. There, she met Michael Mageau, who was 19. They became friends, and went on a date on July 4, despite the fact that Ferrin was still married to Dean Ferrin. After 11:30 p.m. that night, Ferrin received a phone call in her house, probably from Mageau. She left and arrived at Mageau's house around 11:50.

Afterwards, the facts in the case become "clouded with conflicting statements and speculation." Some information comes from Zodiac researcher Robert Graysmith's work (one of the case's most notable amateur investigators, worked as a cartoonist at the San Francisco Chronicle at the time of the murders). Allegedly, immediately after Ferrin and Mageau left the house, they started believing or noticed that they were being followed by a man in a light-colored car. For some reason, Darlene started driving out of town in the direction of Lake Herman Road. Shortly before midnight, she turned her car into an empty parking lot of Blue Rock Springs Park. It was another popular area for couples, two miles from Lake Herman Road. She parked 70 feet from the lot entrance, and soon, another vehicle parked around 80 feet to her left. The unknown driver, the Zodiac, turned the headlights off and sat motionless at the steering wheel. Mageau asked who the driver was, and Ferrin vaguely replied to not be worried about it. The Zodiac then left the parking lot, likely at a high speed.

Shooting

Five minutes later, the Zodiac returned, and parked a few feet next to Ferrin's vehicle at the passenger's side. He exited his car, and approached Ferrin's. He shone a flashlight into the car; the couple assumed he was a police officer and rolled down the window. The man did not speak, and fired a 9mm pistol into the car. One bullet hit Mageau in the right arm, and the other hit Ferrin in the neck, causing her to slump towards the steering wheel and become motionless. Mageau tried to leave the car, but the door handle on the passenger's side was missing or removed. The Zodiac stepped away from Ferrin's car and went back to his own, opened his car door and did something Mageau could not see. Mageau was struggling to get out of Ferrin's car, and the Zodiac fired four more shots, two at each person, before he moved quickly back to his car and drove off. He was heard by the golf course's caretaker, who estimated it to be at 12:10 a.m. The Zodiac left no clues that could be traced back to him.

Aftermath

Soon, three teenagers drove into the parking lot and saw the wounded couple. They left to get help, and police arrived at the scene at 12:20. The couple were taken to the hospital. Mageau survived, but Ferrin was pronounced dead at 12:40. Mageau described his attacker as a white man with a large face, who was heavyset, around 5 feet 8 inches tall, weighed 195 to 200 pounds, and had short, curly light brown hair and a potbelly. He was wearing dark clothes and did not have glasses. These details were not enough to develop a suspect. Moments after 12:40, the Vallejo Police Department received a phone call from a public telephone within two blocks from them. The man on the other end of the line stated:

I want to report a double murder. If you go one mile east on Columbus Parkway to the public park you will find kids in a brown car. They were shot with a 9-millimeter Luger. I also killed those kids last year. Goodbye.

Ferrin-Zodiac prior relationship theories

Controversy surrounds the discussion of whether or not Ferrin knew the Zodiac beforehand. Kelleher and Nuys write that theories regarding a potential relationship started with Robert Graysmith's book Zodiac (1986). He argued extensively for a connection, using events he was told by Ferrin's friends. However, the argument was ultimately based on "speculation and assumption"; there has been no proven connection. At the hospital, Mageau said he did not know his attacker, and different sources state that he said he was unsure if Ferrin knew him, or that Ferrin did know him, and his name was Richard. Ferrin's sister also claims one of Darlene's boyfriends was named Richard. In the Zodiac's later correspondence, he only ever referred to Ferrin with the term "girl". The locations of the Zodiac's three known shootings could imply he only shot Ferrin and Mageau because of their isolated location.

A 1966 photo of Ferrin and a man who resembles the Zodiac composite sketch.

Kelleher and Nuys focus on the idea that the couple were followed once they left Mageau's house, which would be a clue towards the Zodiac knowing Ferrin. One version of events describes a high speed chase between the unknown driver and Ferrin, which would make it unlikely for her to drive into the deserted parking lot instead of getting help. There is also suspicion as to why, if they were being followed into the lot, Ferrin did not drive out of it once the unknown driver initially left. Kelleher and Nuys suggest that Ferrin telling Mageau not to worry about the driver, and the couple assuming he was a police officer, are more likely to happen if they arrived on their own accord.

Ferrin did know Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday, however. She previously attended Hogan High School, was familiar with Lake Herman Road's status as a lover's lane, and lived less than two blocks from Jensen's house. In 2010, a picture surfaced of Ferrin and an unknown man who closely resembles the later composite sketch of the Zodiac. In a 2011 episode of America's Most Wanted, police stated they believe the photo was taken in San Francisco in either 1966 or 1967.

First letters from the Zodiac

The Zodiac letter received by the San Francisco Chronicle on August 1, 1969 (PDF)

The Zodiac's letters, sent at least from 1969 to 1974, often started with "This is the Zodiac speaking" and signed with a symbol resembling the crosshairs of a gunsight: . He sent out four cryptograms, or ciphers; two have been solved, one in 1969 and one in 2020. The letters were postmarked San Francisco, except for the March 13, 1971 letter, which was postmarked Pleasanton. His use of astrological symbols led the police to "pore over occult works and astrological charts and even to consult psychics."

On August 1, 1969, three letters purportedly prepared by the killer were received at the Vallejo Times-Herald, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the San Francisco Examiner. The nearly identical letters, subsequently described by a psychiatrist to have been written by "someone you would expect to be brooding and isolated," took credit for the shootings at Lake Herman Road and Blue Rock Springs. He explained that he was killing victims to collect them as his personal slaves in the afterlife.

Each letter also included one-third of a 408-symbol cryptogram later named the "Z408", which the Zodiac claimed contained his identity. He demanded they be printed on each paper's front page, or else he would "cruse [sic] around all weekend killing lone people in the night then move on to kill again, until I end up with a dozen people over the weekend." The Chronicle published its third of the cryptogram on page four of the next day's edition. An article printed alongside the code quoted Vallejo Police Chief Jack E. Stiltz as saying, "We're not satisfied that the letter was written by the murderer" and requested the writer send a second letter with more facts to prove his identity.

On August 4, the Examiner received a letter with the salutation, "Dear Editor This is the Zodiac speaking." This was the first time the Zodiac had used this name for identification. The letter responded to Stiltz's request for the Zodiac's personal information. It included details about the murders the public had not yet heard, and said that when the police cracked his code, "they will have me."

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) attempted to decode the 408-symbol cryptogram. However, on the 5th, it was cracked by Donald and Bettye Harden, a couple in Salinas. It contained a misspelled message in which the killer seemed to reference "The Most Dangerous Game", a 1924 short story by Richard Connell. The author also said that he was committing the killings in order to collect slaves for his afterlife. No name appears in this decoded text. The killer said that he would not give away his identity because it would slow down or stop his slave collection.

"I like killing people because it is so much fun it is more fun than killing wild game in the forrest because man is the most dangeroue anamal of all to kill something gives me the most thrilling experence it is even better than getting your rocks off with a girl the best part of it is thae when I die I will be reborn in paradice and all the I have killed will become my slaves I will not give you my name because you will try to sloi down or atop my collectiog of slaves for my afterlife ebeorietemethhpiti"

—The solution to Zodiac's Z408 cipher, solved in August 1969, including faithful transliterations of spelling and grammar errors in the original. The meaning, if any, of the final eighteen letters has not been determined.

The Z408 cipher and its decryption by Donald and Bettye Harden

Lake Berryessa murder

Lake Berryessa, where Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard were attacked.

On September 27, Pacific Union College students Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard were picnicking at Lake Berryessa on a small island connected by a sand spit to Twin Oak Ridge. The Zodiac, described as a white male 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and weighing more than 170 pounds (77 kg), approached the couple wearing a black executioner's-type hood with clip-on sunglasses over the eyeholes and a bib-like device on his chest that had a white three-by-three-inch (7.6 cm × 7.6 cm) symbol on it. He approached with a gun, which Hartnell believed to be a .45, and claimed to be an escaped convict from a jail with a two-word name, in either Colorado or Montana, where he had killed a guard and subsequently stolen a car. A police officer later inferred that the Zodiac had been referring to a jail in Deer Lodge, Montana, yet a park ranger claimed that Hartnell told him the man referenced Colorado. The Zodiac then said that he needed their car and money to travel to Mexico because the stolen vehicle was "too hot."

Photo of Hartnell's car door, onto which the Zodiac wrote details of the attack as well as his two previous confirmed attacks

The Zodiac had brought precut lengths of plastic clothesline and told Shepard to tie up Hartnell before he did the same with her. The Zodiac checked and tightened Hartnell's bonds after discovering that Shepard had bound them loosely. Hartnell initially believed this event to be a bizarre robbery, but the Zodiac drew a knife and stabbed them both repeatedly. Hartnell suffered six wounds and Shepard, ten. The Zodiac then hiked 500 yards (460 m) up to Knoxville Road, drew the symbol on Hartnell's car door with a black felt-tip pen, and wrote beneath it:

Vallejo
12-20-68
7-4-69
Sept 27–69–6:30
by knife

At 7:40 p.m., the Zodiac called the Napa County Sheriff's Department from a pay telephone at the Napa Car Wash in downtown Napa. He first told the operator that he wished to "report a murder – no, a double murder," before saying that he had committed the crime. KVON radio reporter Pat Stanley found the phone, still off the hook, a few minutes later. The phone was located a few blocks from the sheriff's office, and 27 miles (43 km) from the crime scene. Detectives lifted a still-wet palm print from the phone, but were never able to match it to any suspect.

A sketch of a man at Lake Berryessa who may be the Zodiac without his "executioner's hood"

After hearing the victims' screams for help, a man and his son fishing in a nearby cove discovered Hartnell and Shepard and got help by contacting park rangers. Napa County deputies Dave Collins and Ray Land were the first law enforcement officers to arrive at the scene. Shepard was conscious when Collins arrived and provided him a detailed description of their attacker. She and Hartnell were taken to Queen of the Valley Hospital in Napa by ambulance. Shepard lapsed into a coma during transport, never regaining consciousness, and she died in the hospital two days later. Hartnell survived to recount his tale to the press.

Napa County detective Ken Narlow, who was assigned to the case from the outset, worked on solving the crime until his retirement from the department in 1987. Three women at Lake Berryessa who viewed a man — potentially the Zodiac without his "executioner's hood" — at 2:55 to 3:30 p.m. later worked on an eyewitness sketch of him. Robert Graysmith also drew a sketch of the Zodiac's costume after being personally described it by Bryan Hartnell.

Presidio Heights murder

Two weeks later, at around 9:40 p.m. on October 11, the Zodiac entered the taxi driven by Paul Stine in downtown San Francisco, requesting to be driven to Washington and Maple streets in Presidio Heights. When they arrived, the passenger asked to be driven one block down to Washington and Cherry streets, and Stine did so. This was the last officially confirmed murder by the Zodiac.

Crime scene image of Paul Stine's cab on Washington and Cherry Street, October 11, 1969

Three teenagers at a home across the street, 50 feet away, witnessed the incident, viewing the Zodiac's face only when he was lit by a streetlight. They phoned the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) while the crime was in progress, saying the man in question was a "husky" white man wearing a "dark or black jacket." The dispatcher mistakenly broadcast to police that the suspect was a black man. The witnesses also observed the killer wiping the cab down and seemingly "rifling through the man's clothing." As he leaned on the inside of the cab and cleaned it up, he left partial prints from two of his right hand's fingers.

Two blocks from the crime scene, patrol officers responded to the radio dispatch and arrived to Washington and Cherry two minutes after the phone call was placed. They observed a white male in dark clothes walking north, away from the crime scene and towards the Presidio Army Base. This man may have been the Zodiac. When the officers' patrol car pulled up alongside the man, they asked him if he had seen anything suspicious. He responded that he had seen a man waving a gun earlier, and went east down Washington. They drove quickly away, believing that a black man was the culprit. Moments later, when more police arrived at the scene, Stine was declared dead and a search began of the nearby area, including the Presidio. The Zodiac had likely escaped by that point, getting into a parked car and driving across the Golden Gate Bridge.

An October 1969 SFPD wanted poster, featuring the two sketches from the Stine murder: the left was the initial sketch made from the teenagers' report, and the right includes the reports of officers who saw an unknown man at the scene.

The Stine murder was initially believed to be a routine robbery that had escalated into homicidal violence. However, on October 13 the Chronicle received a new letter from the Zodiac that claimed credit for the killing and contained a torn section of Stine's bloody shirt as proof. The letter also included a threat about killing schoolchildren on a school bus. In response, Bay Area police departments began escorting school buses. SFPD detectives Bill Armstrong and Dave Toschi were assigned to the case.

The officers who initially responded realized a few days after the murder that they had possibly seen the Zodiac. A few days after that, the teenage witnesses helped make two composite sketches of the Zodiac: the initial one was based only on the man they saw at Stine's cab, and a second was drawn after feedback and further questioning of the teenagers from the responding officers who had seen an unknown man at the scene, even though that man might not be the Zodiac.

A.M. San Francisco interview

At 2:00 a.m. on October 22, 1969, someone claiming to be the Zodiac called the Oakland Police Department (OPD), demanding that one of two prominent lawyers, F. Lee Bailey or Melvin Belli, appear that morning on A.M. San Francisco, a talk show on KGO-TV hosted by Jim Dunbar. Bailey was not available, but Belli agreed to appear. Dunbar appealed to the viewers to keep the lines open. Someone claiming to be the Zodiac called several times, and Belli asked the caller for a less ominous name and the caller picked "Sam." The caller said he would not reveal his true identity as he was afraid of being sent to the gas chamber (then California's capital punishment method). Belli arranged a rendezvous to meet the caller outside a shop on Mission Street in Daly City, but no one arrived. The calls were later traced back to a mental patient named Eric Weill, who investigators concluded was not the Zodiac.

November 1969 letter and card

On November 8, the Zodiac mailed a card with another cryptogram consisting of 340 characters. This cipher, later named the "Z340," remained unsolved for over 51 years. On December 5, 2020, it was deciphered by an international team of private citizens, including American software engineer David Oranchak, Australian mathematician Sam Blake, and Belgian programmer Jarl Van Eycke. They used a program made by Van Eycke called AZdecrypt, which ran 650,000 possible solutions for the cipher until it came up with the best possible encryption key. In the decrypted message, the Zodiac denied being the "Sam" who spoke on A.M. San Francisco, explaining that he was not afraid of the gas chamber "because it will send me to paradice [sic] all the sooner." The team submitted their findings to the FBI, which verified the discovery and stated that the decoded message gave no further clues to the identity of Zodiac.

"I hope you are having lots of fan in trying to catch me that wasnt me on the tv show which bringo up a point about me I am not afraid of the gas chamber becaase it will send me to paradlce all the sooher because e now have enough slaves to worv for me where every one else has nothing when they reach paradice so they are afraid of death I am not afraid because i vnow that my new life is life will be an easy one in paradice death"

—The solution to the Z340 cipher, solved in 2020, including faithful transliterations of spelling and grammar errors.

The Zodiac's Z340 cypher, sent on November 8, 1969

The first page of the letter sent on November 9, 1969

On November 9, the Zodiac mailed a seven-page letter stating that two policemen stopped and actually spoke with him three minutes after he had shot Stine. The letter also said that he would blow up a school bus, and claimed that the police would never catch him, because "I have been to clever for them" [sic]. Excerpts from the letter were published in the Chronicle on November 12, including the Zodiac's claim. That same day, Fouke wrote a memo explaining what had happened on the night of Stine's murder. On December 20, exactly one year after the Lake Herman Road murders, the Zodiac mailed a letter to Belli that included another swatch of Stine's shirt; the Zodiac said that he wanted Belli to help him.

Suspected victims

There is no consensus regarding the number of victims the Zodiac Killer actually killed, or the length of his criminal spree. In Zodiac, Robert Graysmith published a list attributing forty-nine victims to the Zodiac. Various other authors speculated at the time of the killings that several other high-profile murders and attacks may have been the work of the Zodiac, but none have been confirmed:

Raymond Davis

Local historian Kristi Hawthorne suggests that the Zodiac may have murdered 29-year-old cab driver Raymond Davis in Oceanside, California on April 10, 1962. In 2019, following Hawthorne's research, Oceanside police announced that they were looking into possible connections between the Davis murder and the Zodiac. The day before the murder, an individual believed to be the culprit had phoned the Oceanside police and told them, "I am going to pull something here in Oceanside and you'll never be able to figure it out."

At 11:10 p.m. on the 10th, Davis radioed in to his dispatcher that he was taking a fare to South Oceanside. The next day, his body was found in an alley between the current and former mayors' houses by a police officer. Days later, before the April 9 call was publicly reported, the police received another call from someone who is presumed to be the same individual, saying: “Do you remember me calling you last week and telling you that I was going to pull a real baffling crime? I killed the cab driver and I am going to get me a bus driver next.” Nothing similar had happened in Oceanside before; police reacted to the murder by "putting armed guards on city buses and armed military police on buses heading to Camp Pendleton." There are similarities to the Zodiac murders: ABC10 wrote, "both cases involved attacks on cab drivers in wealthy neighborhoods, threats against buses, and cryptic messages expressly aimed at baffling investigators." The ammo used to kill Davis was from a .22 caliber pistol, the same as in the Lake Herman Road murders and the Lake Berryessa murders.

Robert Domingos and Linda Edwards

The Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department claimed in a 1972 press release that the 1963 murders of a young couple in the county were the work of the Zodiac: “Although the anticipated response to this statement would be one of skepticism, let me say that we do not make this assertion frivolously." On June 2, 1963, a sniper fired two shots at a group of teenagers at Tajiguas. None of them were hit, and they identified the shots as coming from a .22 caliber weapon.

Two days later on June 4, 18-year-old Robert George Domingos and his fiancée, 17-year-old Linda Faye Edwards, were shot dead on a beach in Gaviota State Park, which is just west of Tajiguas. They had skipped school at Lompoc High School for Senior Ditch Day. The beach was frequently visited by young people and surfers from Lompoc. Edwards told her friend Shirley that they were going there. Domingos drove Edwards. When the couple had not returned to their homes the next day, their parents called the police. Inside Edwards' car were some of Domingos' clothes and Edwards' purse.

Police believed that the assailant attempted to bind the victims, but when they freed themselves and attempted to flee, the killer shot them repeatedly in the back and chest. Pre-cut rope was used to bind the victims, just as in the Lake Berryessa attacks. The killer then placed the bodies in a small shack and tried, unsuccessfully, to burn the structure to the ground.

The weapon was a .22 caliber semi-automatic firearm, probably a rifle, the same caliber of weapon used in the Lake Herman Road murders. The ammunition used, "Winchester Western Super X copper-coated bullets," was the same as Zodiac's. Domingos was shot 11 times, and Edwards 8 times. The lot number of the .22 ammunition was traced to a sale that took place in a Santa Barbara store in April. The only other place that same lot number turned up was at Vandenberg Air Force Base. Investigators looked into who purchased the ammunition at the store and on the base.

Dr. John Averitt, a police sergeant, clinical psychologist, and classmate of Domingos and Edwards, said, “I believe the murders were the work of the Zodiac killer, but I can’t prove it." Bill Armstrong and Dave Toschi investigated the murders in 1972. Toschi said a connection is possible.

Johnny Ray Swindle and Joyce Ann Swindle

The bluff in the background is where a man first shot at the Swindles, who were approximately located on the far left of the image by the sea wall.

On February 5, 1964, Johnny Ray Swindle and Joyce Ann Swindle (both aged 19), a newlywed couple from Alabama, were gunned down while walking along Ocean Beach in San Diego while on their honeymoon. Their killer, who was on a nearby cliff with a .22 caliber long rifle, shot them from the cliff five times, then went down to them to shoot them both once in the head. Johnny was shot behind the ear, similar to the Zodiac murders. Despite multiple bullet wounds, Johnny remained alive for hours. Joyce died almost instantly after she was shot in the back, left arm, and head. The suspect took Johnny's wallet and watch, then left the crime scene. The watch taken was a Timex, the same brand found at the Cheri Jo Bates murder (see below). The watch found at the Bates scene was initially assumed to belong to her murderer. Johnny died in the hospital that night.

Johnny's mother said she could not think of him having any enemies. Police speculated that the two were victims of a "thrill killer" and Rita, Johnny's sister, has theorized that the murders might have been the work of the Zodiac. They also believed there was a link to the Domingos and Edwards murders; author Soren Korsgaard notes how in both the Santa Barbara and Ocean Beach killings, the victims were shot from a distance, then the killer went down, reloaded, and shot them again. Both the Ocean Beach and Lake Herman Road murders used a .22 Remington Arms Model 550-1 rifle, but the ballistics did not match between the cartridges found at the two scenes. People who were suspected by police were a 51-year-old man living in a beach shack, a teenager alleged by a priest to be violent, and a 19-year-old Marine from San Diego who killed his parents and sister in Illinois. There were also two men who took interest in Joyce's necklace while her family was traveling to California; the necklace was taken from her at the crime scene. The locations of the Lake Berryessa, Santa Barbara, and Ocean Beach killings, if they are all done by the Zodiac, could mean his murders have some connection to water.

Cheri Jo Bates

Main article: Murder of Cheri Jo Bates

Officers from the Riverside Police Department examining the Bates crime scene at Terracina Drive, Riverside, in 1966. Bates' body lies at the right of the gravel path.

On October 30, 1966, Cheri Jo Bates, an 18-year-old student at Riverside City College (RCC), spent the evening at the campus library annex until it closed at 9:00 p.m. Neighbors reported hearing a scream around 10:30. Her father reported her missing, and she was found dead the next morning at 6:30 a.m. She was found a short distance from the library, between two abandoned houses slated to be demolished for campus renovations. She had been brutally beaten and stabbed to death. The wires in her Volkswagen's distributor cap had been pulled out. A man's paint-spattered Timex watch with a torn wristband was found nearby. The watch had stopped at 12:24, but police believe that the attack had occurred much earlier.

One month later, on November 29, nearly identical typewritten letters were mailed to the Riverside police and the Riverside Press-Enterprise, titled "The Confession." The author claimed responsibility for the Bates murder, providing details of the crime that were not released to the public. The author warned that Bates "is not the first and she will not be the last."

The typewritten confession received by the Riverside Police Department and The Press-Enterprise on November 29, 1966

The inscription upon the Riverside City College library desk, discovered in 1967

In December 1966, a macabre poem was discovered carved into the bottom side of a desktop in the RCC library. Titled "Sick of living/unwilling to die," the poem's language and handwriting resembled that of the Zodiac's letters. It was signed with what were assumed to be a set of lower case initials (r h) inscribed below. During the 1970 investigation, Sherwood Morrill, California's top "questioned documents" examiner, expressed his opinion that the poem was written by the Zodiac.

On March 13, 1971, five months after Avery's article linking the Zodiac to the Bates murder, the Zodiac mailed a letter to the Los Angeles Times. In the letter, he credited the police, instead of Avery, for discovering his "Riverside activity, but they are only finding the easy ones, there are a hell of a lot more down there." The connection between Bates and the Zodiac remains uncertain. Avery and the Riverside police maintain that the Bates homicide was not committed by the Zodiac but did concede that some of the Bates letters may have been his work to claim credit falsely. In 2016, the Press-Enterprise reported that Riverside police knew who killed Bates but did not have enough evidence to arrest them. In 2021, the Riverside Police Department said the suspected killer was still alive and remained the investigation's focus, and believed their acquaintances had information that could lead to a prosecution.

Enedine Molina Martinez and Fermin Rodriguez

On June 8, 1967, Enedine Molina Martinez, 35, and Fermin Rodriguez, 36, were attacked and murdered on Vallecitos Road in Alameda County while relaxing in their vehicle. A stranger approached the couple and told them to get out of the car. Rodriguez was shot dead as he exited the car and the killer abducted Martinez. The killer then stopped by the entrance of Sunol Regional Wilderness, where Martinez was killed trying to escape. Shortly afterward, a nearby resident called the Santa Rita police substation to report two gunshots, resulting in the discovery of the bodies. Rape and robbery were ruled out as motives. The murders occurred close to Pleasanton, where the Zodiac mailed a letter to the Los Angeles Times in March 1971.

John Franklin Hood and Sandra Garcia

The East Beach

On February 21, 1970, 24-year-old Vietnam War veteran John Franklin Hood and his fiancée, 20-year-old Sandra Garcia, visited East Beach in Santa Barbara. They had left their Santa Barbara home at 6 p.m. The couple were discovered early the following day, fully-clothed, lying face down under their blanket. Hood suffered eleven knife wounds, the majority inflicted to his face and back, while Garcia received the brunt of the vicious attack, leaving her almost unrecognizable. The bone-handled 4" fish knife used in their murder was retrieved from beneath the blanket, partially buried in the sand. There appeared to be no sexual interference and robbery was ruled out. The double-murder bore many similarities to the previous murders of Domingos and Edwards, thirty miles west of the attack and seven years earlier, as well as the Lake Berryessa attack on Hartnell and Shepard.

Kathleen Johns

On the night of March 22, 1970, 22-year-old Kathleen Johns was driving from San Bernardino to Petaluma to visit her mother. Johns was seven months pregnant and was accompanied by her ten-month-old daughter. She first left San Bernardino at 4:30 p.m. While she was driving on Highway 132 near Patterson, at 11:30 p.m., a man driving behind her blinked his vehicle's lights. Most sources say that both cars pulled over, and the man said her left rear wheel was loose, offering to tighten the lug nuts on it. When he worked on the wheel, he actually loosened the lug nuts, so when Johns drove away, the wheel fell off. The man then offered to drive her and her daughter in his car to a nearby gas station. However, the San Francisco Examiner wrote that when the man stopped Johns, they checked the wheel to find it only had one lug nut, and then he offered a ride.

Once Johns and her daughter were being driven by the man, he drove around for two hours without stopping. Most accounts say that the man threatened to kill Johns and her daughter while driving them around. SFGate writes that at one point, she asked him if he always helped out strangers that way, and he said, "'By the time I get through with them, they won't need my help." Johns escaped by jumping out of one the car doors with her daughter. One account says that the man did not stop, and instead continued driving, while Johns' account to Chronicle reporter Paul Avery says that he left the car and searched for her in the dark with a flashlight. A farmer driving by saw Johns, and took her to a nearby police station in Patterson, where she identified the kidnapper as the Zodiac using a sketch that was on a wanted poster there. An hour later, Johns' car was found on Highway 132, intentionally set on fire. The Zodiac took credit for the abduction.

Richard Radetich

On June 19, 1970, around 5:25 a.m., 25-year-old police sergeant Richard Phillip "Rich" Radetich was gunned down by three shots from a .38 caliber revolver through the driver side window of his squad car, while in the process of serving a parking ticket on the 600 block of Waller Street in the Haight Ashbury district of San Francisco. He died around 15 hours later. After Radetich's death, the SFPD started assigning two officers to every patrol car. Police investigated a possible link to the Zodiac, who alluded to the crime in taunting notes to authorities; however, no direct evidence has ever been established between him and Radetich's death. In 2004, the SFPD reopened the Radetich investigation.

Donna Lass

The Sahara Tahoe casino

25-year-old Donna Lass worked as a registered nurse at the first aid station of the Sahara Tahoe hotel and casino in Stateline, Nevada. On September 6, 1970, she worked until about 2:00 a.m., treating her last patient at 1:40 a.m. Her last logbook entry was timed at 1:50 a.m. Later that day, both Lass' employer and her landlord received phone calls from an unknown male falsely claiming that Lass had left town because of a family emergency. Lass did not have a family emergency at the time. Lass was never found and the caller has never been identified. Her car was found parked near her apartment, but nobody saw her leave the casino. At her apartment, there were no signs of a struggle, the light was left on, and clothes were left folded.

The Lake Tahoe card addressed to Paul Avery on March 22, 1971

On March 22, 1971, a postcard to the Chronicle, addressed to "Paul Averly" [sic] (Paul Avery) and believed to be from the Zodiac, appeared to claim responsibility for the disappearance of Lass. It has been nicknamed the "Peek Through the Pines card". Made from a collage of advertisements and magazine lettering, it featured a scene of the Lake Tahoe area from an advertisement for Forest Pines condominiums and the text "Sierra Club," "Sought Victim 12," "peek through the pines," "pass Lake Tahoe areas," and "around in the snow." The symbol was in both the place of the usual return address and the lower-right section of the front face of the postcard.

Two police reports filed on March 25, 1970, contain possible connections between the Lake Tahoe area and the Zodiac. In the reports, a woman claimed that at a restaurant in South Lake Tahoe, a man wanted to read her astrological chart. Later that day, he came to her house to read an astrological chart that he had prepared. The man was "30- to 40-years-old, 5 foot 9 inches tall, 160 pounds, had a pudgy stomach, and wore horn-rimmed glasses," which is similar to the Zodiac's description. He eventually left her house without incident.

On December 27, 1974, a Christmas card was mailed to Mary Pilker, Lass' sister, portraying trees covered in snow. Once opened it revealed a message that was part of the card itself – "Holiday Greetings and Best Wishes for a Happy New Year", followed by the handwriting "Best Wishes, St. Donna & Guardian of the Pines." The envelope was addressed to "Mrs. Mary Pilker, 1609 South Grange, Sioux Falls, South Dakota." It was postmarked 940, either from San Mateo or Santa Clara County.

In 1986, the Placer County Sheriff's Office located a skull near Emigrant Gap along California State Route 20 in the Sierra Nevada, 70 miles from South Lake Tahoe. In 2023, DNA profiling identified the skull as belonging to Lass. Police said no other evidence was found with the skull, and did not indicate how Lass died or whether homicide was suspected. Investigators at the South Lake Tahoe police department started investigating if there was a connection between Lass' disappearance and the Zodiac in 2001, and have not found one as of 2024.

Sandy Betts

Sandy Betts is an amateur Zodiac researcher who claims that the people responsible for the Zodiac attacks repeatedly harassed and attacked her. She states that three men were the primary culprits, and that at least one of these core members is identified and still lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. She claimed that one of the culprits has attempted to shoot her multiple times over the years, the most recent attempt in 2009. In 2018, on the 50th anniversary of the Lake Herman Road murders, a group of 30 Zodiac enthusiasts, including Betts, planned to commemorate the murders at the Lake Herman Road site. However, the event was cancelled because a local man threatened to murder the group if they showed up. Betts said this man had stalked her in the past, that he believes his father who tried to kill him was the Zodiac, and that his father went to prison for the attempted murder.

Potentially related serial murders

Astrological murders

The "Astrological Murders" were committed by a suspected serial killer who was also active in the same state and around the same time as the Zodiac. Police in Northern California made a tentative connection between a single culprit and possibly at least a dozen unsolved homicides that occurred between the late 1960s and early 1970s. All of the victims were female and were killed in a variety of ways, including strangulation, drowning, throat-cutting, and bludgeoning, occasionally after being drugged. They were linked by the fact that they were dumped in ravines and killed in conjunction with astrological events, such as the winter solstice, equinox, and Friday the 13th. The alleged victims are:

• Elaine Louise Davis, 17, who disappeared on December 1, 1969, from her home in Walnut Creek, California. On December 19, the body of a young woman – eventually identified as Davis after an exhumation in 2000 – was discovered floating off Light House Point near Santa Cruz.
• Leona LaRell Roberts, 16, whose nude body was found ten days before the winter solstice on the beach at Bolinas Lagoon in Marin County, on December 28, 1969. She had been kidnapped from her boyfriend's home on December 10. Her death was treated as a homicide, although the official cause was listed as "exposure" by the medical examiner.
• Cosette Ann Ellison, 15, whose nude body was found in a ravine seventeen days before the vernal equinox. The cause of her death was undetermined. She had been abducted on March 3, 1970, from her residence in Moraga, California, as she got off the school bus at 3:20 p.m.
• Patricia Ann King, 20, who was found strangled and discarded in a rural gully at Diablo Valley College. She was nude from the waist down but had not been raped.
• Judith Ann Hakari, 23, who was last seen leaving work at Sutter Medical Center in Sacramento at 11:30 p.m. on March 7, 1970, thirteen days before the equinox. She was discovered, nude and bludgeoned, in an overgrown ravine off Ponderosa Way, near Weimar on April 26.
• Marie Antoinette Anstey, 23, who was kidnapped in Vallejo after being stunned by a blow to the head, and then drowned. Her body was recovered in rural Lake County on March 21, and an autopsy revealed traces of mescaline in her bloodstream.
• Eva Lucienne Blau, 17, who was found clubbed to death and dumped in a roadside gully near Santa Rosa during the equinox on March 20, 1970. The medical examiner discovered drugs in her circulatory system. She was last seen on March 12, leaving Jack London Hall after telling friends that she was heading home.
• Carol Beth Hilburn, 22, who was found beaten to death in a ravine on November 13, 1970. She was last seen at Lloyd Hickey’s Forty Grand Club in Sacramento on November 14 at approximately 5:00 a.m. Hilburn had been stripped of her clothing except for her underwear, which was found around her knees. She had been beaten about the face, and had a deep cut to her throat.
• Denise Kathleen Anderson, 22, who disappeared on April 13, 1971, having been last seen by one of her roommates at 5:30 a.m. at their residence in Sacramento. She has not been seen since.
• Susan Marie Lynch, 22, who was discovered murdered on July 31, 1971, having been buried alive near East Levee Road in Sacramento, one-half mile north of Del Paso Road and 0.6 miles southwest of the Hilburn dump site.
• Linda Diane Uhlig, 19, who was found in a ditch alongside a rural road beaten to death at Half Moon Bay on March 28, 1972, six days after the vernal equinox. Her skull had been smashed and it appeared that her attacker had tried to decapitate her.
• Lynn Derrick, 24, who was discovered in Noe Valley, San Francisco, on July 26, 1972, at 4:15 a.m. She had been strangled and a sock had been forced into her mouth, but no sexual molestation had taken place. Derrick had been abducted from her home approximately two hours earlier, at around 2:00 a.m., when a female neighbour reported hearing a disturbance, a dragging sound, and a car speeding away.

Santa Rosa hitchhiker murders

The Zodiac was also suspected of being the perpetrator behind the so-called "Santa Rosa hitchhiker murders", in which at least seven female hitchhikers were all murdered in Sonoma County and Santa Rosa between 1972 and 1973. The suspicion was based upon similarities between an unknown symbol on his January 29, 1974, "Exorcist letter" to the Chronicle, in which he claims thirty-seven victims, and the Chinese characters on the missing soy barrel carried by victim Kim Allen, as well as stating an intention to vary his modus operandi in an earlier letter to the Chronicle: "I shall no longer announce to anyone. when I comitt my murders, they shall look like routine robberies, killings of anger, + a few fake accidents, etc." (sic)

In addition, Zodiac suspect Arthur Leigh Allen, an elementary school teacher, was independently suspected of being the Santa Rosa killer. He owned a mobile home in Santa Rosa at the time of the murders, had been fired from his Valley Springs teaching position for suspected child molestation in 1968, and was a full-time student at Sonoma State University. Allen was arrested on September 27, 1974, by the Sonoma County Sheriff's Office and charged with child molestation in an unrelated case involving a young boy. He pleaded guilty on March 14, 1975, and was imprisoned at Atascadero State Hospital until late 1977. Graysmith, in his book Zodiac Unmasked (2002), claims that a Sonoma County sheriff revealed that chipmunk hairs were found on all of the Santa Rosa victims and that Allen had been collecting and studying the same species.

Further Zodiac messages

April 1970 letter and card

The Zodiac continued to communicate with authorities for the remainder of 1970 via letters and greeting cards to the press. In a letter postmarked April 20, he wrote "My name is _____," followed by a 13-character cipher – later named the "Z13" – which has not been solved to this day:

The Zodiac's bomb diagram from the April 20, 1970, letter

The Zodiac Dragon Card postmarked April 28, 1970 (PDF)

He also said he was not responsible for the recent bombing of the SFPD's police station in Golden Gate Park, which killed Sgt. Brian McDonnell, but added "there is more glory to killing a cop than a cid [sic] because a cop can shoot back." The letter included a diagram of a bomb the Zodiac claimed that he would use to blow up a school bus. At the bottom of the diagram, he wrote: " = 10, SFPD = 0."

On a greeting card to the Chronicle postmarked April 28, 1970, the Zodiac wrote, "I hope you enjoy yourselves when I have my BLAST," followed by the symbol. On the back of the card, the Zodiac threatened to use the bus bomb soon unless the newspaper published the full details that he had written. He also wanted to start seeing people wearing "some nice Zodiac butons [sic]".

June 1970 letter and map

The Zodiac letter and map postmarked June 26, 1970

In a letter postmarked June 26, 1970, the Zodiac stated that he was upset that he did not see people wearing Zodiac buttons, writing, "I shot a man sitting in a parked car with a .38." The Zodiac was possibly referring to the murder of SFPD Sergeant Richard Radetich, who was killed one week earlier after being shot through the window of his squad car by an unidentified gunman during a routine traffic stop. The SFPD denies that the Zodiac was involved in Radetich's death; the murder remains unsolved. Included with the letter was a Phillips 66 roadmap of the San Francisco Bay Area. On the image of Mount Diablo, the Zodiac had drawn a symbol. At the top of the crossed circle, he placed a zero, a three, six, and a nine. The accompanying instructions stated that the zero was "to be set to Mag. N." The letter also included a 32-letter cipher that the Zodiac claimed would, in conjunction with the other code, lead to the location of a bomb that he supposedly had buried and set to detonate at a school in the fall:

The cipher, later named the "Z32", has never been decoded, and the alleged bomb was never located.

July 1970 letters

In a letter postmarked July 24, 1970, the Zodiac took credit for the Kathleen Johns abduction, four months after the incident. In a July 26, 1970 letter, the Zodiac paraphrased a song from The Mikado, adding his own lyrics about making a "little list" of the ways in which he planned to torture his "slaves" in "paradice [sic]". The letter was signed with a large, exaggerated crossed-circle symbol and a new score: " = 13, SFPD = 0". A final note at the bottom of the letter stated, "P.S. The Mt. Diablo code concerns Radians + # inches along the radians." In 1981, a close examination of the radian hint by Zodiac researcher Gareth Penn led to the discovery that a radian angle, when placed over the map per Zodiac's instructions, pointed to the locations of two Zodiac attacks.

October 1970 cards

The back of the 13 Hole Punch Card received on October 7, 1970

The Halloween card addressed to Paul Avery on October 27, 1970

On October 7, 1970, the Chronicle received a three-by-five-inch (7.6 cm by 12.7 cm) card (nicknamed the "13 Hole Punch Card") signed by the Zodiac with the symbol and a small cross reportedly drawn with blood. The card's message was formed by pasting words and letters from an edition of the Chronicle, and thirteen holes were punched across the card. Bill Armstrong and Dave Toschi agreed that it was "highly probable" that the card had been sent by the Zodiac.

On October 27, 1970, Avery received a Halloween card (nicknamed as such) signed with a letter Z and the symbol. Handwritten inside the card was the note, "Peek-a-boo, you are doomed." The threat was taken seriously and was the subject of a front-page story in the Chronicle. The postmark showed that the letter had been sent from a San Francisco mailbox that afternoon. The phrase "4-teen" in the letter was interpreted as a possible reference to a 14th victim. Avery started carrying a pistol, but refused police protection. Soon after receiving the letter, he received an anonymous letter alerting him to the similarities between the Zodiac's activities and the unsolved Bates murder in Riverside.

March 1971 letter

In the March 13, 1971 letter to the Los Angeles Times, the Zodiac criticized that the police were unable to catch him, saying he had killed 17 victims. Zodiac expert Tom Voigt theorizes that the reason why the letter was postmarked from Pleasanton instead of San Francisco was for the joke of having an unpleasant letter come from "Pleasanton".

Final Zodiac letter

After the Lake Tahoe card, the Zodiac remained silent for nearly three years. The Chronicle then received a letter from the Zodiac, postmarked January 29, 1974 from San Mateo County, which complained that columnist Count Marco needed to "feel superior to everyone" and praised the film The Exorcist (1973) as "the best saterical comidy [sic] that I have ever seen." The letter included a part of a verse from "Titwillow Song" in The Mikado and an unusual symbol at the bottom that has remained unexplained by researchers. Zodiac concluded the letter with a new score, "Me = 37, SFPD = 0."

David Van Nuys, who is also a psychiatrist, believes the reason the Zodiac stopped killing is because he had a case of multiple personality disorder which lessened over time (as with many people who have the disorder), noting that his subsequent letters lessened in intensity.

Letters of suspicious authorship

Of further communications sent by the public to members of the news media, some contained similar characteristics of previous Zodiac writings. In 1973, the Albany Times Union in New York received a letter postmarked for August 1. The symbol was placed in lieu of a return address. In it, the writer proclaimed they were not "dead or in the hospital", and that they were going to kill again on August 10. They said that the name and location of their next victim was available in a three-line cryptic code in the letter. FBI cryptanalysts deciphered the code to mean "[redacted by the FBI] Albany Medical Center. This is only the beginning." Investigators could not find the murder that supposedly took place on August 10, and handwriting experts could not determine if the letter was sent by the Zodiac.

The Chronicle received a letter postmarked February 14, 1974, informing the editor that the initials for the Symbionese Liberation Army, a radical group which had recently kidnapped newspaper heiress Patricia Hearst, spelled out an Old Norse word meaning "kill." However, the handwriting was not authenticated as the Zodiac's.

A letter to the Chronicle, postmarked May 8, 1974, featured a complaint that the movie Badlands (1973) was "murder-glorification" and asked the paper to cut its advertisements. Signed only "A citizen," the handwriting, tone, and surface irony were all similar to earlier Zodiac communications. The Chronicle subsequently received an anonymous letter postmarked July 8, 1974 complaining of their publishing the writings of the antifeminist columnist Marco Spinelli. The letter was signed "the Red Phantom (red with rage)." The Zodiac's authorship of this letter is debated.

In 1976, several letters were sent to a San Francisco newspaper praising David Toschi's investigative work. These letters were eventually discovered to be written by Toschi himself. He was removed from the Zodiac case in 1978, and he later said he regretted writing the letters. Also in 1978, a letter was sent to Chronicle columnist Armistead Maupin that claimed to be from the Zodiac himself. It was alleged that Toschi wrote the letter, which he and the SFPD denied; the SFPD had compared the handwriting of the letter with Toschi's handwriting.

In 2007, an American Greetings Christmas card sent to the Chronicle, postmarked 1990 in Eureka, was re-discovered in the paper's photo files by editorial assistant Daniel King. This letter was handed over to the Vallejo police. Inside the envelope, with the card, was a photocopy of two United States Post Office keys on a magnet keychain. The handwriting on the envelope resembles Zodiac's print but was declared inauthentic by forensic document examiner Lloyd Cunningham; however, not all Zodiac experts agree with Cunningham's analysis. The discovery "electrified" Zodiac researchers; the letter, if it is real, disproves the theory that the Zodiac stopped killing due to his own death or imprisonment, and many theorized he could still have been alive.

21st-century developments

In April 2004, the SFPD marked the case "inactive," citing caseload pressure and resource demands, effectively closing the case. However, they re-opened their case sometime before March 2007. The case is open in Napa County and in the city of Riverside. In May 2018, the Vallejo Police Department announced their intention to attempt to collect the Zodiac's DNA from the back of stamps he used during his correspondence. The analysis, by a private laboratory, was expected to check the DNA against GEDmatch. It was hoped the Zodiac would be caught in a similar fashion to serial killer Joseph James DeAngelo, who was caught using DNA analysis earlier that year. In May 2018, a Vallejo police detective said that results were expected in several weeks. As of December 2019, no results had been reported. The FBI's investigation was still ongoing as of 2020.

Suspects

In 2007, The Guardian wrote that over 2,500 people have been brought up as a possible Zodiac suspect, and at least a half dozen names were credible. The SFPD had investigated an estimated 2,500 suspects by 2009. Richard Grinell, who runs the website Zodiac Ciphers, said in 2022 that "there are probably 50 or 100 suspects named every year."

Arthur Leigh Allen

Allen in 1991 being interviewed by KTVU News in his home.

The only man ever named by the police as a suspect is Arthur Leigh Allen, a former elementary school teacher and convicted sex offender who died of a heart attack in 1992. He denied being the culprit. In Zodiac and Zodiac Unmasked, Robert Graysmith advanced Allen as a likely suspect, based on circumstantial evidence. Allen had been interviewed by police from the early days of the Zodiac investigations and was the subject of several search warrants over a 20-year period. In 2007, Graysmith noted that several detectives described Allen as the most likely suspect. In 2010, Dave Toschi stated that all the evidence against Allen ultimately "turned out to be negative." In the 2024 documentary This Is the Zodiac Speaking, allegations were made by a family who were friends of Allen which, if true, reinforce his culpability greatly; this includes Allen admitting to being the Zodiac in 1992.

Background

Allen lived in Atascadero in Southern California before moving to Northern California in June 1963. Allen entered the U.S. Navy in 1951 and served until his honorable discharge in 1959. During his time in the Navy, he served mostly in the reserves but spent some time on active duty. He served on multiple submarines and earned the China Service Medal for his service in southeast Asia. In 1958, he faced a special court-martial at Naval Station Treasure Island for bringing a loaded .45 automatic pistol onto the naval base; he was found not guilty. Allen lived in Vallejo, and worked minutes away from where Darlene Ferrin lived and from where one of the killings took place. Jack Mulanax of the Vallejo Police Department wrote that Allen had been fired from his teaching job in March 1968 after allegations of sexual misconduct with students. He was generally well-regarded by those who knew him, but he was also described as "fixated on young children and angry at women."

Investigation

Dave Toschi's daughter said that her father had always thought Allen was the Zodiac, but the police did not have the evidence to prove it. Actor Mark Ruffalo, who portrayed Toschi in the 2007 film about the Zodiac, commented:

If you get into who these cops were, you realize how they have to take their hunches, their personal beliefs, out of it. Dave Toschi said to me, 'As soon as that guy walked in the door, I knew it was him.' He was sure he had him, but he never had a solid piece of evidence. So he had to keep investigating every other lead.

On October 6, 1969, Allen was interviewed by Detective John Lynch of the Vallejo Police Department. Allen had been reported in the vicinity of the Lake Berryessa attack on September 27, 1969. He said he was scuba diving at Salt Point that day. Graysmith reports that a Vallejo police officer actually pulled Allen over for speeding and noticed a bloody knife in the car. Allen dismissed it, "I used that to kill a couple of chickens".

In 1971, Allen's friend Donald Cheney reported to Manhattan Beach police that Allen had spoken of his desire to kill people, used the name Zodiac, and secured a flashlight to a firearm for visibility at night. Cheney said this conversation occurred no later than January 1, 1969. Allen was interviewed by the police again in 1971. In September 1972, the SFPD obtained a search warrant for his residence.

In 1974, Allen was arrested for lewdness with a nine-year-old boy. After pleading guilty, he was sent to Atascadero State Hospital for pre-sentence evaluation and treatment. On May 13, 1977, he was given a suspended prison sentence and five years of felony probation. He completed probation successfully in 1982. Allen's arrest and sentencing could provide a reason for why the Zodiac's communication potentially stopped in 1974. Vallejo police served another search warrant at Allen's residence in February 1991. Two days after his death in 1992, Vallejo police served another warrant and seized property from his residence.

Evidence

An advertisement for the Zodiac Watch, Allen's watch which has the same logo as the Zodiac Killer

Allen's driver's license from 1967, showing his handwriting and appearance then

In July 1992, Michael Mageau identified Allen from a photo lineup as the man who shot him in 1969, saying, "That's him! It's the man who shot me!" In contrast, police officer Donald Fouke, who (with officer Eric Zelms) possibly saw the Zodiac fleeing the Stine murder, said in the 2007 documentary His Name Was Arthur Leigh Allen that Allen weighed about 100 pounds more than the man Fouke saw, and that Allen's face was "too round". Allen and the Zodiac did, however, both wear shoes sized 10 and a half. Nancy Slover, the dispatcher who received the call from the Zodiac after the Mageau/Ferrin shooting, said in the documentary that Allen did not sound like the man she spoke with. Allen also owned and wore a Zodiac Watch, a brand which uses the logo.

The letter sent to the Riverside Police Department from Cheri Jo Bates' killer was printed with either Elite or Pica type on a Royal typewriter; during the 1991 search of Allen's residence, police seized a Royal typewriter with Elite type. Right before he died, Allen wrote a letter to a KTVU reporter who had just interviewed him, Rita Williams. The letter contained similar grammar mistakes to ones that the Zodiac made in his letters. Williams firmly believes that Allen is the Zodiac. Retired police handwriting expert Lloyd Cunningham, who worked on the Zodiac case for decades, stated in 2009, "They gave me banana boxes full of Allen's writing, and none of his writing even came close to the Zodiac. Nor did DNA extracted from the envelopes [on the Zodiac letters] come close to Arthur Leigh Allen."

In 2002, Dr. Cydne Holt of the SFPD's crime lab developed a partial DNA profile from saliva DNA on stamps and envelopes of the Zodiac's letters—especially the stamp on the November 8, 1969 card—for the ABC show Primetime Thursday. A partial DNA profile can't "point to just one person", "[it] can only rule someone in as a possibility or exclude them if it isn't a match." The SFPD compared this partial profile to that of Allen and Donald Cheney. Since neither test result indicated a match, the two were excluded as the contributors of the DNA. Allen's fingerprints also did not match those lifted from the Stine murder. In 2018, Tom Voigt stated that the partial profile's efficacy was dubious, as he had learned the DNA was "collected from the outside of the stamp" on the November 8, 1969 card; "No genetic material was obtained from behind the stamp, or the seal of the envelope, or anywhere else that would have most certainly belonged to the Zodiac". Voigt claimed that this had been confirmed by Cydne Holt as well as an unnamed retired SFPD inspector, and that this discovery reaffirmed Allen's status as a viable suspect.

This Is the Zodiac Speaking

The 3-episode documentary This Is the Zodiac Speaking debuted on Netflix in 2024. In the film, Allen's students in Atascadero fondly recall his interest in cryptology. They remembered him playing records like "Tom Dooley", about a woman's murder, and "I've Got a Little List" from The Mikado. He often brought dead animals into the classroom. Numerous allegations are also made by members of the Seawater family which greatly inculpate Arthur Leigh Allen.

In the 1960s, Allen was friends with Phyllis Seawater and often looked after her children. He took them on small trips, including one to Tajiguas Point in Santa Barbara County on June 3, 1963. The day before, there was an unsolved shooting at the beach. When he arrived with the Seawater children, Allen left them in the car and went down to the beach alone. When he returned about an hour later, he appeared to have blood on his hands. He cleaned up and sped away with the children. The next day, Robert Domingos and Linda Edwards were killed on a nearby beach.

Three years later, on October 28, 1966, Allen took two of the older children, Connie and David, to Riverside. They stayed in a motel, and David slept through most of the trip. Cheri Jo Bates was killed in Riverside on October 30. On the 31st, Allen hurried the children, who were both groggy, out of the motel, and Connie recalls him molesting her in the car as they headed home.

The Seawater children thought it was ludicrous that Allen could be the Zodiac Killer. In 1991, Connie directly asked Allen if he was the Zodiac. He said if he told her, he would have to kill her. In 1992, David Seawater thanked Allen for being so nice to them when they were young. Allen started sobbing and confessed to drugging them and molesting Connie. Alarmed, David asked Allen if he was the Zodiac, and he responded, "It was me".

David Fincher's film prodded the Seawaters to reexamine their memories of Allen. One of the unsolved Zodiac ciphers from 1973 was decoded for a 2017 History Channel show. In the letter, Zodiac named his next victim as "Connie Henly" and her location in Albany. Phyllis Seawater's maiden name was "Hensley". At the time, Connie was living in New York, just a few hours from Albany, and Allen had gotten mad at her for not leaving her family for him. The Seawaters also found a cache of Allen's letters to their mother which include extensive discussions of the Zodiac killer.

Zodiac researcher Michael Butterfield was skeptical of the documentary's allegations.

Earl Van Best Jr.

In 2014, Gary Stewart and Susan Mustafa published a book, The Most Dangerous Animal of All: Searching for My Father... and Finding the Zodiac Killer, in which Stewart claimed his search for his biological father, Earl Van Best Jr., led him to conclude Van Best was the Zodiac. Stewart based his theory on circumstantial evidence, including a police sketch resembling Van Best, partial fingerprint and handwriting matches, encrypted messages in Zodiac letters, and partial DNA connections.

In 2020, the book was adapted for FX Network as a documentary series. To validate Stewart's claims, the producers enlisted private investigator Zach Fechheimer, who uncovered that Stewart had manipulated a police report and traced Van Best to being present in Europe during the Zodiac's known activities. Additionally, experts discredited the DNA analysis and the handwriting and fingerprint matches. The producers chose to withhold their findings until near the end of the documentary's production to minimize their impact on both the series and Stewart. Six months after production, director Kief Davidson stated that he thought Stewart's father was not the Zodiac, while executive producer Ross Dinerstein remained uncertain about Van Best Jr.'s potential involvement.

Gary Francis Poste

Poste in a 2016 mugshot

In 2021, the Case Breakers, an independent group made up of around 40 "former law enforcement officials, academics, journalists, and former military intelligence workers", said they had identified a man who died in 2018, Gary Francis Poste, as the Zodiac, also stating he murdered Cheri Jo Bates. The FBI stated that the case remained open and that there was "no new information to report". Local law enforcement expressed skepticism regarding the team's findings. Riverside police officer Ryan Railsback said the Case Breakers' claims largely relied on circumstantial evidence. Rumors about Poste as a suspect had been investigated by the SFPD in 2017. They visited his jail, but declined to say if they interviewed him. In 2023, the Case Breakers claimed an FBI whistleblower told them the bureau had considered Poste a suspect since 2016.

Poste was an Air Force veteran. He had a history of violence; he pushed his wife into a wall, breaking her pelvis, and his relative claimed Poste tried to attack him with a hammer. Poste allegedly had a group of young male followers who he trained to be "killing machines", and who often attacked animals. One piece of evidence used by the Case Breakers involved forehead scars that were supposedly present on both Poste and the Zodiac. Tom Voigt called the claims "bullshit", noting that no witnesses in the case described the Zodiac as having forehead scars. They also said that the Zodiac and Poste had the same shoe size, and claim that DNA from the Bates murder will match Poste's.

Poste had been investigated as a suspect in the case since at least 2014, by TV news anchor Dale Julin. Julin filed affidavits in court that said he interviewed Poste in 2017, and Poste admitted to being the Zodiac. The Union Democrat found the information in the affidavits to be unverifiable. Julin also claimed he used supposed anagrams found in the Zodiac's letters (the 13 Hole Punch Card, Halloween Card, and the Peek Through the Pines card) to find the tree where Poste, as the Zodiac, hanged Donna Lass. Julin's solve for the codes contained Poste's name and gave the coordinates of a specific pine tree in a section of Zephyr Cove RV Park and Campground near U.S. Highway 50. The tree in question had been gouged at the base. The Case Breakers partially based their research on Julin's book on the subject, Catching Zodiac, which was released in 2024.

Giuseppe Bevilacqua

In 2017, Italian journalist Francesco Amicone conducted an investigation that implicated Joseph "Giuseppe" Bevilacqua, a retired Army sergeant and former superintendent of the Florence American Cemetery and Memorial, as a suspect in both the Zodiac and Monster of Florence (Il Mostro) cases. Bevilacqua testified at the trial of Il Mostro suspect Pietro Pacciani in 1994. Starting in May 2017, Bevilacqua and Amicone began having multiple meetings, and according to Amicone, during a phone call in September, Bevilacqua implied his responsibility for both cases. He agreed with Amicone's request to turn himself in, but later changed his mind. The conversation was not recorded. Amicone's inquiry was published in multiple Italian magazines and has been continued since then on his blog. Italian authorities dismissed their investigation into Bevilacqua in 2021. He died on December 23, 2022. Amicone claimed a DNA profile was sent to U.S. authorities investigating the Zodiac case in November 2023.

Lawrence Kane

In a photo lineup, Kathleen Johns identified Lawrence Kane (also spelled "Lawrence Kaye") as her abductor. Darlene Ferrin's sister Linda identified a photo of Kane as showing the man who once harassed Darlene in a restaurant. Donald Fouke said that Kane resembled the man he and Eric Zelms had observed at the Stine murder more than any other person. Kane lived in South Lake Tahoe and worked at the Sahara Casino when Donna Less worked there. He was arrested for voyeurism in 1961 and prowling in 1968, and was diagnosed with impulse-control disorder after suffering brain injuries in a 1962 accident. He died in 2010.

In 2021, Fayçal Ziraoui, a French-Moroccan business consultant and engineer, claimed that he had solved the Z13 and Z32 ciphers. The Z13 allegedly reads "Kayr", in theory a typo of "Kaye", and the Z32 gives a set of coordinates: “LABOR DAY FIND 45.069 NORT 58.719 WEST." If the coordinate system used is "based on the earth’s magnetic field [and] not the more familiar geographic coordinates", it gives the location of a school in South Lake Tahoe, lining up with the cipher's intention of being the location of a bomb in a school. Many Zodiac sleuths disputed that Ziraoui had solved the ciphers, while the FBI and SFPD declined to comment on the theory. Anonymous law enforcement officers investigating the Zodiac told the Chronicle they did not believe the solutions were correct.

Paul Doerr

In 2022, author Jarrett Kobek published How to Find Zodiac, in which he named Paul Doerr as a suspect. Doerr was a North Bay resident with a post office box in Vallejo, where the first murders took place. Born in 1927, Doerr's age in 1969 (42) as well as his height (5'9") was consistent with witness estimates. He was an avid fanzine publisher and letter-writer throughout the 1960s and 1970s, and many of his writings exhibit circumstantial parallels with the Zodiac. Paul Haynes, a researcher for I'll Be Gone in the Dark, called Doerr "the best Zodiac suspect that's ever surfaced". Doerr's daughter read Kobek's book with the intent of suing for libel, but came away impressed with his research, adding in interviews that her father had at times been violent and abusive. Kobek sent a 19-page document to the SFPD's Major Crimes Division regarding the similarities, which he did not receive a response to.

Doerr was a member of the Minutemen, a right-wing militant group which sent out threatening letters to supposed communists using a symbol which resembled the Zodiac's. Some of the Zodiac attacks also took place at hangout spots of Doerr's daughter. In his fanzine Pioneer, Doerr references the same formula for an ANFO bomb given later by the Zodiac, which Kobek argues was not widely known before the Internet and the publication of The Anarchist Cookbook in 1971. Doerr hinted in a 1974 letter to the journal Green Egg that he had previously killed people; Kobek writes that that part of the letter was not intended for publication, but Green Egg had a policy of publishing every letter in full.

Doerr was interested in cryptography; in issue #1 of his Tolkien fanzine Hobbitalia, he published a cipher in Cirth. This came three days after Zodiac sent the Z13 cipher, and Kobek argues that the solution to the Hobbitalia cipher is one of only three possible solutions to Z13. In Hobbitalia #2, Doerr praised the Society for Creative Anachronism, a group of medieval cosplayers, which could explain the "executioner's hood" used at Lake Berryessa. A Renaissance Faire also took place locally the day of the attack, and there is an undated photo which shows him carrying a knife similar to the one described at the lake. Doerr also made a list of books he wanted to sell, including The Strange Ways of Man, which describes headhunters killing victims so they could have slaves in the afterlife. In a letter to a different fanzine in 1970, he advocated using solely 1¢ stamps to spite the Post Office, a practice the Zodiac employed on some of his letters.

Richard Gaikowski

Gaikowski in a 1965 mugshot

At the time of the murders, Richard Gaikowski was a reporter and editor who worked for Good Times and the Martinez Morning News Gazette. He moved to the Bay Area in 1963. In 1971, he was involuntarily committed to Napa State Mental Hospital and diagnosed with a mental illness. He later operated a movie theater, and died in 2004. He is Tom Voigt's top suspect.

His appearance resembled the Stine composite sketch, and the word "Gyke" also appears in the Zodiac cipher that claimed to contain his identity. When he was working for the Gazette, he was minutes away from two Zodiac murder scenes. Paul Stine's sister told Voigt she recognized Gaikowski at Stine's funeral. This would also match with the claim that Ferrin's attacker and boyfriend were named Richard. Gaikowski told Ken Narlow that he was not in the U.S. at the time of the Lake Herman Road murders, but he lost his passport, so he could not prove that. According to Voigt, the FBI investigated Gaikowski, but dismissed him upon hearing the claim he was out of the country, despite allegedly losing the passport. San Francisco and Napa police have declined to compare DNA samples of Gaikowski and the Zodiac.

A former coworker of Gaikowski, nicknamed "Goldwatcher", wrote long letters to law enforcement accusing him of being the Zodiac. In 2009, an episode of the History Channel television series MysteryQuest investigated Gaikowski, and Goldwatcher made an appearance in disguise. On the episode, he provided recordings of Gaikowski's voice. Nancy Slover, the Vallejo police dispatcher who was contacted by the Zodiac shortly after the Blue Rock Springs attack, identified a recording of Gaikowski's voice as being the same as the Zodiac's. However, History referred to Goldwatcher as a "conspiracy theorist with low credibility", and a San Francisco police dispatcher referred to him as "one of the top three Zodiac kooks".

Richard Marshall

Richard Marshall was a ham radio operator and movie projectionist. Marshall lived in Riverside in 1966, and later in San Francisco, close to the scene of the Stine murder. Visitors to his home found him "peculiar", and he often mentioned finding "something much more exciting than sex". Marshall liked the movie The Red Phantom, which is the phrase a possible Zodiac letter used. He lived in a basement apartment, which the Zodiac mentioned. Like the Zodiac, he owned felt-tip pens and "odd-sized" paper, and the two used a similar typewriter and teletype. In 1989, Marshall acknowledged that similarities existed, but denied being the Zodiac. Ken Narlow said that "Marshall makes good reading but [is] not a very good suspect in my estimation." Marshall died in 2008.

Ross Sullivan

Ross Sullivan became a person of interest through the possible link between the Zodiac and the Bates murder. Sullivan was a library assistant at Riverside City College and was suspected by coworkers after he made them uncomfortable and went missing for several days following the murder. Sullivan resembled sketches of the Zodiac, as he sported a crew cut, and wore glasses and military-style boots with footprints like those found at the Lake Berryessa crime scene. Sullivan moved to Northern California in 1967, and was hospitalized multiple times for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Highly-criticized suspects

• Serial killer Edward Edwards, who committed five murders between 1977 and 1996, was linked to the Zodiac murders and several other unsolved cases by former cold case detective John A. Cameron. Cameron's theories were met with "almost universal disdain, especially from law enforcement".
• Dennis Kaufman claimed that his stepfather, Jack Tarrance, was the Zodiac. Kaufman claimed he resembled the Zodiac, and claimed to have multiple items of incriminating evidence, including a roll of film depicting possible victims and a hooded costume like the Zodiac's costume at Lake Berryessa. In a 2007 documentary on the Discovery Channel, a document examiner said Tarrance's handwriting matched the Zodiac's. However, law enforcement dismissed Kaufman's evidence as "nonsense". He claimed one photo, which looked like a "blob of color", was actually the Black Dahlia, and Tarrance's costume was considered "cruder" than the Zodiac's at Lake Berryessa. The document examiner's credibility was challenged by researchers; one reason was that she claimed that Tarrance had also written the ransom note in the JonBenet Ramsey case.

Cleared suspects

• Following the capture of Charles Manson and his murderous cult, the Manson Family, a 1970 report by the California Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation stated that all male members of the Manson Family had been investigated and eliminated as Zodiac suspects. There have been attempts to link the two Santa Barbara County shootings with the Manson Family due to their ties to the city of Santa Barbara, but there has so far been no evidence of a connection.
• According to Tom Voigt, fingerprint comparison in 1989 eliminated serial killer Ted Bundy as a person of interest.
• Ted Kaczynski, a domestic terrorist and mathematician also known as the Unabomber, was investigated for possible connections to the Zodiac in 1996. Kaczynski worked in northern California at the time of the murders and, like the Zodiac, had an interest in cryptography and threatened the press into publishing his communications. Kaczynski was ruled out by both the FBI and SFPD based on fingerprint and handwriting comparisons, and by his absence from California on certain dates of known Zodiac activity.

Legacy

Further information: Zodiac Killer in popular culture

This is the case that won't go away. The killer's catch-me-if-you-can taunting of police, the mind-puzzlers he sent to the press, the way he dropped off the face of the Earth in the early 1970s combined to give the Zodiac case a legendary status that in some ways outstripped the magnitude of the murders.

Michael Taylor, San Francisco Chronicle

The Chronicle wrote that the Zodiac case is "arguably the most famous unsolved murder case in American history". The unusual nature of the case led to international interest that has been sustained throughout the years. It is the subject of many investigations by amateur sleuths, and is covered in multiple books – more than 50 as of 2022 – and documentaries. Multiple websites are devoted to cracking the Zodiac's ciphers. People who research him are known as "Zodiologists". As of 2018, an investigative "task force" meeting of Zodiologists is held annually in the Bay Area, which has been ongoing since 2002. Beginning in 2013, a popular Internet meme has jokingly suspected U.S. Senator Ted Cruz of being the Zodiac.

The Zodiac inspired the nickname of Heriberto Seda, who, in the 1990s, committed three murders in New York City as "the Zodiac". The 1997 Kobe child murders in Japan were also inspired by the Zodiac. In 2021, threatening letters were sent to media outlets in New York by a person named the "Chinese Zodiac Killer".

The 1971 film The Zodiac Killer was part of a scheme to capture the Zodiac at the film's premiere at the Golden Gate Theater

The Zodiac inspired characters in numerous movies, including Dirty Harry (1971), The Exorcist III (1990), Seven (1995), and The Batman (2022). He was also the subject of the 1971 movie The Zodiac Killer, which was made as part of a scheme to find the perpetrator. At the film's premiere at the Golden Gate Theater in San Francisco on April 19, 1971, the audience was asked to submit a piece of paper into a large box with an answer to the prompt, "I think the Zodiac kills because..."; the best responder was said to win a Kawasaki motorcycle. Inside the box, a person analyzed each response, hoping to find a match to the Zodiac's handwriting in case he had shown up and answered the question himself. After a match would be identified, six men waited in the lobby to find the writer and see if he matched the Zodiac composite sketch; if he did, he would be apprehended. One person's writing was actually considered to be a match, and he was apprehended, but was then released due to lack of evidence.

In 2007, the movie Zodiac was released. It was directed by David Fincher as an adaptation of Graysmith's books. It focuses on Avery and Graysmith's reporting and investigation over a period of 23 years. The acclaimed film was extensively researched, and the filmmakers conducted interviews with people involved with the case. The film, which believes in Arthur Leigh Allen's culpability, led to more public interest in the case.

See also

• List of serial killers in the United States
• List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
• Ted Cruz-Zodiac Killer meme
• Texarkana Moonlight Murders

References

Works cited

• Adams, Charles F. (2004). Murder by the Bay: historic homicide in and about the city of San Francisco. Quill Driver Books. ISBN 978-1-884995-46-0.
• Flaherty, Thomas H. (1993). True Crime: Unsolved Crimes. Time Life Education. ISBN 0-7835-0012-2.
• Graysmith, Robert (2007a) [1986]. Zodiac. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-21218-9.
• Graysmith, Robert (2007b) [2002]. Zodiac Unmasked. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4406-7812-7.
• Kobek, Jarett (2022). How to Find Zodiac. We Heard You Like Books. ISBN 978-1737842804.

Further reading

Literature

• Brenda Haugen (2010), The Zodiac Killer: Terror and Mystery, Capstone Press, ISBN 978-0-7565-4357-0
• Gareth Penn (1987), Times 17: the amazing story of the Zodiac murders in California and Massachusetts, 1966–1981, Foxglove Press
• William T. Rasmussen (2006), Corroborating Evidence II, Sunstone Press, ISBN 978-0-86534-536-2
• Ronald J. Dayton (2018), Zodiac 340 Cipher, Inner Rapport Publishing ISBN 978-0-244-43599-8
• Michael H. Stone, M.D. & Gary Brucato, Ph.D., The New Evil: Understanding the Emergence of Modern Violent Crime. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, pp. 113–128. ISBN 978-1-63388-532-5

FBI files

• FBI Case File (1 of 5) on the Zodiac Killer. 89 pages.
• FBI Case File (2 of 5) on the Zodiac Killer. 109 pages.
• FBI Case File (3 of 5) on the Zodiac Killer. 258 pages.
• FBI Case File (4 of 5) on the Zodiac Killer. 208 pages.
• FBI Case File (5 of 5) on the Zodiac Killer. 373 pages.

External links

• Media related to Zodiac killer at Wikimedia Commons
• Works related to Zodiac Killer at Wikisource
• "Zodiac Murder Map" – Google Map plotting definite and possible Zodiac attacks (with details).
• Detailed account of the Zodiac case